Suchergebnisse

The purpose of the considerations is, taking into account the scope of derogations from the requirements of organic production and the competence of certifying authorities, to answer the question whether in comparison to Regulation No 834/2007, new Regulation No 2018/848 serves to ensure the quality of organic products. The authoress takes a positive view on limiting possible exemptions from the requirements of organic production to natural disasters and linking them to the provisions on rural development. At the same time she expresses a negative opinion on the possibility of seeking exemption from the requirement to obtain certificates. In relation to the competences of the certifying authorities, the new Regulation retains a greater terminological precision in determining the subject of control and certification and defines more precisely the criteria for delegating tasks in the organic farming control system to institutions. This issue, however, needs to be detailed in the legislations of European Union Member States. ; L'articolo si propone di rispondere alla domanda se, rispetto al regolamento n. 834/2007 e visti le esenzioni dai requisiti di produzione biologica nonché le competenze degli organismi di certificazione, il nuovo regolamento n. 2018/848 riesca a garantire la qualità dei prodotti provenienti da agricoltura biologica. L'Autrice valuta positivamente il fatto di aver introdotto limiti, riportati a circostanze catastrofiche, nell'accordare possibili eccezioni dall'adempiere ai requisiti di produzione biologica e di averli ricondotti alle disposizioni in materia di sviluppo rurale; negativamente, invece, l'ammissione di eccezioni dall'obbligo di ottenere certificati. Per quanto riguarda le competenze degli organismi di certificazione, lanuova regolazione presenta una maggiore precisione terminologica nel definire l'oggetto di controllo e di certificazione, e definisce con più precisione i criteri per la delega dei compiti agli organismi evocati nell'ambito del sistema di controllo dell'agricoltura biologica. Tuttaviala questione in oggetto richiede tuttora altre precisazioni da inserire nella legislazione degliStati membri dell'Unione europea. ; The purpose of the considerations is, taking into account the scope of derogations from the requirements of organic production and the competence of certifying authorities, to answer the question whether in comparison to Regulation No 834/2007, new Regulation No 2018/848 serves to ensure the quality of organic products. The authoress takes a positive view on limiting possible exemptions from the requirements of organic production to natural disasters and linking them to the provisions on rural development. At the same time she expresses a negative opinion on the possibility of seeking exemption from the requirement to obtain certificates. In relation to the competences of the certifying authorities, the new Regulation retains a greater terminological precision in determining the subject of control and certification and defines more precisely the criteria for delegating tasks in the organic farming control system to institutions. This issue, however, needs to be detailed in the legislations of European Union Member States.

The subject of considerations are the legal aspects of the influence of the EU climate and energy framework and trade policy on implementation of permanently sustainable forestry. Even though forestry belongs to the competences of Member States and there is no formal establishment of common forest policy in the TFEU, the new LULUCF Regulation and provisions of regulations regarding prevention of illegal timber trade prove that there is an ongoing process of subjecting forestry to the competencies of the European Union to a growing extent as well as reducing the area left to Member States. It must be stated that the platform for expansion of EU regulations on Member States' forestry in terms of land use and timber trade – acts adopted within the trade policy and climate and energy framework – is the principle of sustainable development that derives from international legislation and is also included in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. This principle is also the foundation for development of the beginnings of common forest policy that emerges at the verge of EU policies. ; Przedmiotem rozważań są prawne aspekty wpływu unijnej polityki klimatyczno-energetycznej oraz handlowej na realizację trwale zrównoważonej gospodarki leśnej. Mimo zaliczenia gospodarki leśnej do kompetencji krajów członkowskich i braku formalnego ustanowienia wspólnej polityki leśnej w TFUE nowe rozporządzenie LULUCF oraz przepisy rozporządzeń dotyczących przeciwdziałania nielegalnemu obrotowi drewnem świadczą o postępującym procesie coraz większego podporządkowania gospodarki leśnej kompetencjom Unii Europejskiej i redukowania obszaru zostawionego krajom członkowskim. Realizując cel rozważań, stwierdzić należy, że płaszczyzną ekspansji unijnej regulacji obejmującej gospodarkę leśną krajów członkowskich w sferze zarządzania gruntami, a także obrotu drewnem, a więc aktów przyjętych w ramach polityki handlowej i klimatyczno-energetycznej, jest zasada zrównoważonego rozwoju wywodząca się z prawa międzynarodowego, uregulowana także w Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Zasada ta stanowi również podstawę do kształtowania się zalążków wspólnej polityki leśnej, wyłaniającej się na styku innych unijnych polityk.

From a legal point of view, there may be doubts as to the legal qualification of food obtained in vitro from animal cells. An opinion is expressed in the article that meat from animal cells obtained using the in vitro method does not fall within the classical legal concepts of meat or agricultural production. However, meat products from cells produced by the in vitro method may satisfy the criteria established for novel food. If this is considered to be the correct way of qualification, then they should be subject to the EU market authorisation procedure regulated in Regulation 2015/2283, and a subsequent assessment of their safety. From a legal, economic and social point of view, it is reasonable to produce food using atypical methods if these methods are capable of ensuring food safety. ; Da un punto di vista giuridico potrebbero sorgere dubbi sulla qualificazione giuridica di alimenti ottenuti in vitro da cellule animali. L'autrice afferma che ottenere carne da cellule animali usando il metodo "in vitro" non si colloca nei limiti dei classici concetti giuridici di carne o produzione agricola. I prodotti a base di carne derivati dal metodo "in vitro" possono soddisfare i criteri stabiliti dal legislatore per i novel food. Ritenendo quest'ultimo il modo corretto di qualificazione, anche loro, di conseguenza, dovrebbero essere soggettialla procedura di ammissione al mercato dell'UE, così come disciplinata dal regolamento 2015/2283, e quindi valutati sulla base della loro sicurezza. È del tutto razionale, dal punto di vista giuridico, economico e sociale, produrre cibo con metodi diversi da quello normale, specie se servono a garantire la sicurezza alimentare. ; Z prawnego punktu widzenia mogą wystąpić wątpliwości co do kwalifikacji prawnej żywności uzyskiwanej metodą in vitro z komórek zwierząt. Autorka stwierdza, że uzyskiwanie mięsa z komórek zwierząt metodą "in vitro" nie mieści się w klasycznych pojęciach prawnych mięsa czy produkcji rolnej. Produkty mięsa wytworzonego z komórek metodą "in vitro" mogą odpowiadać kryteriom ustalonym przez prawodawcę dla novel food. Jeśli uznać, że jest to prawidłowy sposób kwalifikacji, to powinny być one poddawane procedurze dopuszczania na rynek unijny uregulowanej w rozporządzeniu 2015/2283, a co za tym idzie – ocenie ich bezpieczeństwa. Racjonalne z prawnego, ekonomicznego i społecznego punktu widzenia jest wytwarzanie żywności nietypowymi metodami, jeśli mogą one służyć zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego.

On 20 July 2016 a new Regulation (EU) No 828/2014 entered into force, regulating the provision to consumers of information on the absence or reduced presence of gluten in food. In this paper an attempt is made to assess the extent to which the safety of gluten-free foodstuffs has been ensured under the new regulation. It is proposed that the basic legal requirements governing the possibility of indicating products as gluten-free or containing a reduced amount of gluten have not changed much. The new provisions will apply mainly to unpacked products that are served in restaurants, for example, and will provide for the way of explaining to consumers who are intolerant to gluten the differences between products that are naturally free of gluten and products that are specially designated as gluten-free. It is also noted that a certificate verifying the ab-sence of gluten in products designated as gluten-free is not required. ; Il 20 luglio 2016 è entrato in vigore il regolamento n. 828/2014 che disciplina il modo in cui i consumatori vengono informati sull'assenza di glutine o sulla sua presenza in misura ridotta negli alimenti. L'obiettivo delle considerazioni è di valutare in quale misura il legislatore garantisce la sicurezza dei prodotti alimentari definiti senza glutine. Secondo l'autrice il regolamento menzionato non modifica requisiti giuridici essenziali relativi alla possibilità di applicare un'etichettatura che identifichi prodotti senza glutine oppure prodotti con contenuto di glutine molto basso. Il nuovo regolamento troverà ap-plicazione per prodotti senza confezione, p.es. quelli serviti nei ristoranti, finora in base alla normativa in vigore. Le nuove regolazioni consentiranno di spiegare ai consumatori intolleranti al glutine la differenza tra prodotti che sono naturalmente privi di glutine e quelli a loro destinati in quanto privi di glutine. L'autrice inoltre rileva che il legislatore ha omesso di richiedere che dai prodotti indicati come senza glutine venga confermata la verifica, al fine di garantire la sicurezza ai consumatori. ; 18 ; 1 ; 23 ; 32 ; 2 ; Przegląd Prawa Rolnego